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The introduction is clear in terms of definitions and setting out the structure to follow. The role of unions is defined well with reference to some key source material on their function, and the theoretical framework that follows works well to frame the rest of the essay and set out the context. The country level material is set out well and in considerable detail and the comparative analysis that follows makes some good points, including on issues of revitalisation. The conclusion is concise and could have been more developed but in general this is a detailed piece of work that engages well with the literature, draws on a lot of descriptive detail and makes some insightful points by way of comparative analysis.

Marking criteria

Key points:

• strong argument;
• clear introduction with definitions and theoretical/ analytical framework;
• integration of a broad range of academic literature and robust data sources from across the course;
• analysis rather than an overemphasis on description; clearly expressed;
• referencing and bibliography;
• conclusion that builds on the argument rather than merely summarising;
• clear, logical structure

Essay structure and developing an argument

• The introduction should address the question and its meaning
• The introduction should use definitions from the academic literature
• A theoretical/ analytical framework should be introduced early on
• The question should be broken down and themes identified
• Comparative analysis should be organised thematically rather than country-by-country
• The conclusion should build on the preceding analysis, explicitly address the question and develop the argument further
• There should be close engagement with the academic literature as recommended through the course outline reading list
• Referencing needs to be comprehensive and consistent

Summary

• Strong essays will adopt a critical approach that draws from material across the module
• Preparation – read and draw on a wide selection of theoretical background, key studies, particular national and country cases, company and organisation cases
• Use textbook material as well as journal articles/ book chapters on more specific issues
• Reference to key studies, examples, national contexts along with wider theoretical background and general arguments